Ülkelere Göre QR Code Ödeme Standartları
No single standard governs QR payments worldwide. China runs on Alipay and WeChat Pay under PBOC oversight, India on NPCI's UPI QR, Brazil on the central bank's Pix, Thailand on PromptPay, Singapore on the unified SGQR, Indonesia on QRIS, Japan on JPQR, and the United States on no national standard at all. The EMV QR specification supplies the common framework several of these are built upon and defines two modes. Merchant-presented mode, where the shopper scans a displayed code, dominates Asia and Latin America; consumer-presented mode, where a point-of-sale terminal scans the shopper's application, is common in transit and retail.
QR Code Payment Standards by Country
QR code payment systems vary significantly by country, each with different standards, governing bodies, and interoperability levels.
Standard Comparison
| Country | System | Standard | Governing Body |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | Alipay, WeChat Pay | Proprietary + PBOC | PBOC |
| India | UPI | NPCI QR | NPCI |
| Brazil | Pix | BCB standard | Central Bank |
| Thailand | PromptPay | EMV QR | Bank of Thailand |
| Singapore | SGQR | Unified national | MAS |
| Indonesia | QRIS | Bank Indonesia | Bank Indonesia |
| EU | Various | EMV QR + national | ECB + national banks |
| Japan | JPQRv1 | JPQR | METI |
| USA | Various | No national standard | Market-driven |
EMV QR Code Specification
The EMV Co. specification provides a global framework for QR code payments:
Merchant-Presented Mode (MPM): The merchant displays a static or dynamic QR code. The consumer scans and pays. Most common in Asia and Latin America.
Consumer-Presented Mode (CPM): The consumer displays a QR code from their app. The merchant scans it with a POS terminal. Common in transit and retail.
Many national systems (PromptPay, QRIS, SGQR) are built on top of the EMV QR specification with local extensions.
Interoperability Challenges
Domestic interoperability: Solved in countries with unified standards (India's UPI, Singapore's SGQR, Indonesia's QRIS). Fragmented where proprietary systems dominate (China, Japan).
Cross-border interoperability: Early stages. Notable progress: - Thailand-Singapore PromptPay-PayNow linkage - Thailand-Malaysia PromptPay-DuitNow - BIS Project Nexus for multilateral connectivity
The US Exception
The United States lacks a national QR code payment standard. Payment QR codes exist through individual services (Cash App, Venmo, PayPal) but without interoperability. NFC-based Apple Pay dominates contactless payments.
Key Takeaways
- Most major economies have national QR payment standards
- EMV QR specification provides the global framework
- Domestic interoperability is achieved through national unification (UPI, SGQR, QRIS)
- Cross-border QR payment is advancing through bilateral and multilateral agreements
- The US remains without a unified QR payment standard
Sıkça Sorulan Sorular
Is there a single global standard for QR code payments?
No. China runs on Alipay and WeChat Pay under PBOC oversight, India on NPCI's UPI QR, Brazil on Pix, Thailand on PromptPay, Singapore on SGQR, Indonesia on QRIS and Japan on JPQR, while the United States has no national standard at all.
What does the EMV QR specification standardise?
A common data format that national schemes can build upon, as PromptPay, QRIS and SGQR have done. It also defines the two interaction modes, which settle the question of who displays the code and who scans it.
What is the difference between merchant-presented and consumer-presented mode?
In merchant-presented mode the merchant displays a static or dynamic code and the customer scans it, the pattern that dominates Asia and Latin America. In consumer-presented mode the customer's application displays the code and a point-of-sale terminal reads it, which is common in transit and retail.