二维码术语表
按主题整理的二维码技术核心术语与定义。
二维码结构
模块
The smallest square unit (dark or light) in a QR code.
寻像图案
Three corner squares that enable scanner orientation.
对齐图案
5x5 reference squares correcting for image distortion.
时序图案
Alternating black/white lines defining the module grid.
静默区
Required 4-module white margin around the QR code.
格式信息
15-bit field storing EC level and mask pattern.
版本信息
18-bit version identifier for QR codes version 7+.
深色模块
Single always-black module used as a reference point.
数据区域
The area carrying encoded data and error correction.
分隔符
White border isolating finder patterns from data.
版本
Size designation (1-40) determining module count.
模块尺寸
Physical dimension of one module (min 0.33mm).
掩码图案
One of 8 XOR patterns optimising module distribution.
惩罚分
Score evaluating mask quality via four penalty rules.
余位
Zero-padding filling remaining modules after EC data.
纠错机制
纠错级别
L/M/Q/H levels defining 7-30% damage recovery.
里德-所罗门码
Symbol-level error correction code used in QR data.
码字
8-bit data unit in the QR code data stream.
交织
Distributing codewords across blocks for damage resistance.
BCH 码
Error correction protecting the format information field.
戈雷码
Error correction for the version information field.
伽罗瓦域
GF(256) finite field used in Reed-Solomon arithmetic.
生成多项式
Polynomial generating Reed-Solomon EC codewords.
纠错容量
Maximum correctable symbol errors per block.
数据容量
Maximum characters per version, EC level, and mode.
编码与数据
编码模式
Data encoding method (numeric/alphanumeric/byte/kanji).
数字模式
Digits only at 3.33 bits/char — most efficient mode.
字母数字模式
45-character set at 5.5 bits/char — uppercase only.
字节模式
Any byte at 8 bits/char — default for most content.
汉字模式
Japanese characters at 13 bits/char via Shift JIS.
ECI 模式
Meta-mode switching character encoding (e.g., to UTF-8).
模式指示符
4-bit prefix identifying the data encoding mode.
字符计数指示符
Bit field specifying the data segment length.
终止符
0000 sequence marking the end of encoded data.
填充码字
Filler bytes (0xEC/0x11) completing data capacity.
结构化追加
Split one message across up to 16 QR symbols.
FNC1 模式
Mode for GS1 barcodes and AIM application data.
标准与规范
ISO/IEC 18004
The international QR code standard (ISO).
JIS X 0510
The original Japanese QR code standard (JISC).
GS1 数字链接
GS1 standard for product IDs as web URIs in QR codes.
EMV QR 码
EMVCo payment QR code specification.
BIP 21
Bitcoin URI standard for payment QR codes.
微型 QR 码
Compact QR variant with one finder pattern (M1-M4).
矩形微型 QR（rMQR）
Rectangular QR variant for narrow printing areas.
SQRC
Secure QR with encrypted private data layer (DENSO WAVE).
Shift JIS
Japanese character encoding for QR Kanji mode.
ISO 8859-1
Default byte mode encoding (Latin-1, 256 characters).
扫描与读取
QR 码扫描器
Device or app that reads and decodes QR codes.
解码
The full process of extracting data from a QR image.
扫描距离
Maximum reading distance (approx. width / 10).
相机分辨率
Camera pixel count affecting minimum scannable QR size.
方向
QR codes read from any rotation via finder patterns.
畸变校正
Compensating for perspective and curvature in scanning.
打印分辨率
DPI for printing — minimum 300 DPI recommended.
对比度
Dark/light module brightness difference (min 37.5%).
扫描失败
Failed QR decode — common causes and prevention.
锯齿形图案
Two-module-wide up/down reading order for data.
二值化
Converting grayscale QR image to black/white pixels.
坐标系
Row/column grid identifying module positions.
视觉设计
自定义 QR 码
Branded QR code with colours, logos, or artistic elements.
标志集成
Centre logo placement using EC to recover obscured data.
彩色 QR 码
QR code with brand colours maintaining contrast.
圆角模块
Circular or rounded module shapes for softer appearance.
SVG QR 码
Vector format QR for infinite-resolution scaling.
反色 QR 码
White-on-dark colour reversal (reduced compatibility).
渐变 QR 码
Colour gradient across modules — risky for scanning.
帧 QR 码
QR variant with dedicated centre canvas area (iQR).
艺术 QR 码
QR codes integrated into artwork or illustrations.
行动号召（CTA）
Text prompt near QR code instructing users to scan.
安全与隐私
二维码钓鱼
QR code phishing — fraudulent codes directing to malicious sites.
QR 贴纸攻击
Malicious sticker overlaid on legitimate QR code.
URL 预览
Scanner feature showing URL before opening.
防篡改 QR
QR on tamper-evident materials showing removal damage.
密码签名
Digital signature verifying QR code authenticity.
欧盟数字新冠证书
EU digitally signed health QR certificate standard.
数据隐私
Privacy risks of personal data in scannable QR codes.
QR 码恶意软件
Malicious URLs or exploit payloads in QR codes.
TOTP QR 码
otpauth:// URI QR for 2FA authenticator setup.
水印
Invisible tracking data embedded in QR module patterns.
动态二维码
动态 QR 码
Redirect-based QR with changeable destination.
静态 QR 码
Fixed-content QR with no server dependency.
URL 重定向
Server-side HTTP redirect powering dynamic QR codes.
QR 分析
Scan tracking: count, location, device, and timing.
短链接
Compact URL minimising QR code size.
QR 码过期
Time or scan-limited dynamic QR code validity.
A/B测试 QR
Split-testing destinations via dynamic QR redirect.
地理定向 QR
Location-based destination routing via dynamic QR.
设备定向 QR
OS-based routing (iOS to App Store, Android to Play).
批量 QR 生成
Programmatic creation of many unique QR codes.
行业应用
非接触式菜单
Digital restaurant menu via table-top QR code.
移动登机牌
IATA BCBP QR code on smartphone for flight boarding.
UDI（唯一设备标识）
FDA-mandated medical device QR identification.
GTIN
GS1 product identifier encoded in QR via Digital Link.
QR 码支付
Financial transactions via merchant/consumer QR codes.
QR 码优惠券
QR-delivered discount codes and promotional offers.
数字名片
vCard/MeCard QR on business cards for instant contacts.
vCard
RFC 6350 electronic contact format for QR codes.
MeCard
Compact NTT DoCoMo contact format for small QR codes.
WiFi QR 码
QR encoding WiFi credentials for auto-connection.
供应链 QR
QR tracking from manufacturer to consumer.
MPM（商家出示模式）
Merchant displays QR, customer scans to pay.
CPM（消费者出示模式）
Consumer shows QR, merchant scans to accept payment.
iCalendar QR
QR-encoded calendar event (RFC 5545 iCalendar).
地理 URI QR
QR-encoded GPS coordinates opening maps app.
历史与创新
电装波
Japanese inventor of QR codes (1994, Toyota Group).
原昌宏
Lead inventor of the QR code at DENSO WAVE.
1994年发明
QR code creation year — DENSO WAVE for Toyota.
快速响应
'QR' = Quick Response, for high-speed assembly scanning.
开放标准
DENSO WAVE's free patent licensing enabling global adoption.
数据矩阵
Competing 2D barcode (ISO 16022) without finder patterns.
阿兹特克码
2D barcode with bulls-eye centre, used for boarding passes.
二维条形码
Barcode encoding data in two dimensions (QR, Data Matrix).
一维条形码
Traditional linear barcode (UPC/EAN) — predecessor to QR.
CBOR
Compact binary data format for QR credentials (RFC 8949).
UTF-8
Unicode encoding via ECI 26 for multilingual QR data.
智能手机 QR 普及
Native camera QR scanning in iOS 11 / Android 9.
常见问题
术语表中定义了哪些QR码术语？
术语表涵盖技术术语，包括版本、模块、静默区、纠错级别、查找图案、掩码图案和编码模式。
QR码中的纠错是什么？
纠错功能允许QR码在部分损坏的情况下仍能被解码。L、M、Q和H级别分别可恢复7%、15%、25%和30%的数据。
什么是QR码模块？
模块是QR码中的最小单元（方形点）。第1版QR码有21×21的模块网格，每增加一个版本每边增加4个模块。
QR码中的静默区是什么？
静默区是QR码周围至少4个模块宽度的强制空白边框，确保扫描器能够定位和识别符号。