QR Codes Around the World

국가별 QR Code 결제 표준

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Country-by-country comparison of QR payment standards: EMV QR, UPI, Pix, PromptPay, SGQR, and proprietary systems.

  
  

    
  








  
  

    
    
      
      
  1. 
        QR Code Payment Standards by Country
      
    2. 
      
      
  2. 
        Standard Comparison
      
    3. 
      
      
  3. 
        EMV QR Code Specification
      
    4. 
      
      
  4. 
        Interoperability Challenges
      
    5. 
      
      
  5. 
        The US Exception
      
    6. 
      
      
  6. 
        Key Takeaways
      
    7. 
      
    

  









  
  

  
  

    
    

      
QR Code Payment Standards by Country


QR code payment systems vary significantly by country, each with different standards, governing bodies, and interoperability levels.


Standard Comparison






Country
System
Standard
Governing Body






China
Alipay, WeChat Pay
Proprietary + PBOC
PBOC




India
UPI
NPCI QR
NPCI




Brazil
Pix
BCB standard
Central Bank




Thailand
PromptPay
EMV QR
Bank of Thailand




Singapore
SGQR
Unified national
MAS




Indonesia
QRIS
Bank Indonesia
Bank Indonesia




EU
Various
EMV QR + national
ECB + national banks




Japan
JPQRv1
JPQR
METI




USA
Various
No national standard
Market-driven






EMV QR Code Specification


The EMV Co. specification provides a global framework for QR code payments:


Merchant-Presented Mode (MPM): The merchant displays a static or dynamic QR code. The consumer scans and pays. Most common in Asia and Latin America.


Consumer-Presented Mode (CPM): The consumer displays a QR code from their app. The merchant scans it with a POS terminal. Common in transit and retail.


Many national systems (PromptPay, QRIS, SGQR) are built on top of the EMV QR specification with local extensions.


Interoperability Challenges


Domestic interoperability: Solved in countries with unified standards (India's UPI, Singapore's SGQR, Indonesia's QRIS). Fragmented where proprietary systems dominate (China, Japan).


Cross-border interoperability: Early stages. Notable progress:
- Thailand-Singapore PromptPay-PayNow linkage
- Thailand-Malaysia PromptPay-DuitNow
- BIS Project Nexus for multilateral connectivity


The US Exception


The United States lacks a national QR code payment standard. Payment QR codes exist through individual services (Cash App, Venmo, PayPal) but without interoperability. NFC-based Apple Pay dominates contactless payments.


Key Takeaways


    

  • Most major economies have national QR payment standards
    • 

  • EMV QR specification provides the global framework
    • 

  • Domestic interoperability is achieved through national unification (UPI, SGQR, QRIS)
    • 

  • Cross-border QR payment is advancing through bilateral and multilateral agreements
    • 

  • The US remains without a unified QR payment standard
    •